Большая фарма также поставила «рекорд» по количеству взяток, коррупции и преступной халатности на производстве небезопасных лекарств12. За пятилетний период с 1966 по 1971 год FDA отозвала 1935 лекарственных продуктов, 806 – из-за фальсификации, 752 – из-за недостаточной или чрезмерной активности и 377 – из-за нарушений маркировки61.
В Соединенных Штатах большая фарма бьет все прочие отрасли по количеству преступлений. На ее счету в три с лишним раза больше серьезных или умеренно серьезных нарушений закона, чем в других отраслях, и этот баланс сохраняется и после отбора по размеру компании12, 61.
Взятки – это рутина, причем обычно это очень большие суммы денег. Почти каждый, кто может повлиять на продажи, подкупается: врачи, больничные администраторы, члены кабинета министров, санитары, таможенные должностные лица, налоговые эксперты, регистраторы лекарств, фабричные инспекторы, чиновники по ценообразованию и политические партии. В Латинской Америке высоко ценится место министра здравоохранения, так как ему почти всегда удается разбогатеть, сотрудничая с фармацевтической промышленностью12.
В начале этой главы я задал вопрос, на что больше похожа промышленность: на редкие плохие яблоки то тут, то там или же целиком прогнившую корзину. То, что мы видим, – это организованная преступность в насквозь прогнившей промышленности.
Ссылки
1. Available online at: http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/William_Osler (accessed 30 August 2012).
2. Kelton E. More drug companies to pay billions for fraud, join the ‘dishonor roll’ after Abbott settlement. Forbes. 2012 May 10.
3. PhRMA Code on Interactions with Healthcare Professionals – Signatory Companies. Available online at: www.phrma.org/sites/default/fi les/108/signatory_companies_phrma_code_061112.pdf (accessed 25 June 2012).
4. Advertisement for Philip Morris International. Berlingske. 2004 Mar 14.
5. Rost P. The Whistleblower: confessions of a healthcare hitman. New York: Soft Skull Press; 2006.
6. Rockoff J.D., Matthews C.M. Pfizer settles federal bribery investigation. Wall Street Journal. 2012 Aug 7.
7. Reuters. Factbox – The 20 largest pharmaceutical companies. 2010 Mar 26.
8. Corporate Crime in the ’90s: the top 100 corporate criminals of the 1990s. Multinational Monitor. 1999 July/August; 20(7, 8).
9. Barboza D. Tearing down the facade of ‘Vitamins Inc.’. New York Times. 1999 Oct 10.
10. F. Hoffmann – La Roche and BASF Agree to Pay Record Criminal Fines for Participating in International Vitamin Cartel. US Department of Justice. 1999 May 20.
11. Mathiason N. Blowing the final whistle. The Guardian. 2001 Nov 25.
12. Braithwaite J. Corporate Crime in the Pharmaceutical Industry. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul; 1984.
13. Bobst E.H. Bobst: the autobiography of a pharmaceutical pioneer. New York: David McKay Company; 1973.
14. Bruun K. International drug control and the pharmaceutical industry. In: Cooperstock R, editor. Social Aspects of the Medical Use of Psychotropic Drugs. Toronto: Addiction Research Foundation of Ontario. Papers presented at the International Symposium on Alcohol and DrugResearch; 1973. Department of National Health and Welfare; 1974.
15. Nielsen M., Hansen E.H., Gøtzsche P.C. What is the difference between dependence and withdrawal reactions? A comparison of benzodiazepines and selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors. Addiction. 2012; 107: 900–8.
16. Healy D. Let Them Eat Prozac. New York: New York University Press; 2004.
17. House of Commons Health Committee. The Influence of the Pharmaceutical Industry. Fourth Report of Session 2004–05. Available online at: www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmhealth/42/42.pdf (accessed 26 April 2005).
18. Abramson J. Overdosed America: the broken promise of American medicine. New York: HarperCollins; 2004.
19. Angell M. The Truth about the Drug Companies: how they deceive us and what to do about it. New York: Random House; 2004.
20. Kassirer J.P. On the Take: how medicine’s complicity with big business can endanger your health. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2005.
21. Mundy A. Dispensing with the Truth. New York: St. Martin’s Press; 2001.
22. Petersen M. Our Daily Meds. New York: Sarah Crichton Books; 2008.
23. Gøtzsche P.C. Big pharma often commits corporate crime, and this must be stopped. BMJ. 2012; 345: e8462.
24. Gøtzsche P.C. Corporate crime in the pharmaceutical industry is common, serious and repetitive. Available online at: www.cochrane.dk/research/corporatecrime/Corporate-crime-long-version.pdf (accessed 20 December 2012).
25. Pfizer agrees record fraud fine. BBC News. 2009 Sept 2.
26. Tanne J.H. Pfizer pays record fi ne for off-label promotion of four drugs. BMJ. 2009; 339: b3657.
27. Evans D. Big pharma’s crime spree. Bloomberg Markets. 2009 Dec: 72–86.
28. United States Department of Justice. Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp. to Pay More than $420 million to Resolve Off-Label Promotion and Kickback Allegations. 2010 Sept 30.
29. SourceWatch. Sanofi – Aventis. 2011 Jan 23. Available online at: www.sourcewatch.org/index.phptitle=Sanofi – Aventis (accessed 19 June 2012).
30. Aventis to pay $95 million to settle fraud charge. AFP. 2009 May 28.
31. Rabiner S. Glaxo $3B fi ne largest healthcare fraud settlement in history? FindLaw. 2011 Nov 10.
32. United States Department of Justice. GlaxoSmithKline to Plead Guilty and Pay $3 billion to Resolve Fraud Allegations and Failure to Report Safety Data. 2012 July 2.
33. Thomas K., Schmidt M.S. Glaxo agrees to pay $3 billion in fraud settlement. New York Times. 2012 July 2.
34. Wilson D. Ex-Glaxo executive is charged in drug fraud. New York Times. 2010 Nov 9.
35. Khan H., Thomas P. Drug giant AstraZeneca to pay $520 million to settle fraud case. ABC News. 2010 April 27.
36. Tanne J.H. AstraZeneca pays $520m fi ne for off-label marketing. BMJ. 2010; 340: c2380.
37. Doshi P. Neuraminidase inhibitors: the story behind the Cochrane review. BMJ. 2009; 339: b5164.
38. Cohen D. Complications: tracking down the data on oseltamivir. BMJ. 2009; 339: b5387.
39. Cohen D., Carter P. WHO and the pandemic flu ‘conspiracies’. BMJ. 2012; 340: c2912.
40. Willman D. Relenza: official asks if one day less of flu is worth it. Los Angeles Times. 2000 Dec 20.
41. Epstein H. Flu warning: beware the drug companies! New York Review of Books. 2001 Apr 11.
42. Jefferson T., Jones M.A., Doshi P., et al. Neuraminidase inhibitors for preventing and treating influenza in healthy adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012; 1: CD008965.
43. Rennie D. Guarding the guardians: a conference on editorial peer review. JAMA. 1986; 256: 2391–2.
44. Doshi P, Jefferson T, Del Mar C. The imperative to share clinical study reports: recommendations from the Tamiflu experience. PLoS Med. 2012; 9: e1001201.
45. O’Dowd A. Response to swine flu was ‘unjustified’, says Council of Europe. BMJ. 2012; 340: c3033.
46. Gøtzsche P.C. European governments should sue Roche and prescribers should boycott its drugs. BMJ. 2012; 345: e7689.
47. Cohen D. Search for evidence goes on. BMJ. 2012; 344: e458.
48. Ark. judge fines Johnson & Johnson more than $1.1B in Risperdal case. CBS/AP. 2012 April 11.
49. Harris G. Research center tied to drug company. New York Times. 2008 Nov 25.
50. Kelton E. J&J needs a cure: new CEO allegedly had links to fraud. Forbes. 2012 17 April.
