Sublime Porte—A term referring to the Ottoman government, especially the offices of the Grand Vizier.
Grand Vizier—The most powerful leader in the Ottoman Empire after the sultan, equivalent to a prime minister.
Kurds—Muslim tribal people of eastern Turkey, northern Persia, and Iraq, sometimes led by warlords and chieftains, who harassed Christian Armenians as well as fought Turkish troops.
Chete—A member of a guerrilla band. During World War I the term refers to the paramilitaries who were particularly violent members of the Special Organization, often convicts released specifically to employ terrorism against local populations.
Apostolic or Gregorian Church—The original Armenian Christian Church. “Monophysite” refers to a doctrinal distinction that separated the Armenian Church from some other early churches, particularly the Byzantine Church and what would later become the Roman Catholic Church.
Sharia—Islamic law. The Ottoman Empire was governed by Sharia in combination with sultanic law.
Zapiteh, gendarmes—Police.
Muhacir—Muslim refugees who emigrated into Turkey just prior to and during World War I, primarily from the Balkans.
Millet—Community defined by its religious affiliation.
Raya—Flock, common folk subject to poll tax. Also derogatory, meaning “sheep,” when referring to Armenians.
A NOTE ON LANGUAGE
Almost every town and vilayet referred to here is known by at least three names: its old Ottoman name, its Armenian name, and its current Turkish name. When possible I have tried to use the Ottoman name, since most of this story takes place during the era of the Ottoman Empire. To further complicate things, spellings are phonetic versions derived from either old Ottoman script or Armenian. These phonetic spellings vary from source to source. I’ve tried to be consistent: I use “Kharpert” for “Harpoot” and so on. In addition, today’s Turkish employs a different alphabet that is similar but not equivalent to the alphabet we use in English. I’ve dropped the Turkish special characters and used the accepted Western spelling, so, for example, “Talat,” which would normally need a diacritical mark over the second “a,” is spelled here as “Talat” rather than “Talaat” (or with the mark). Finally, Western Armenian and Eastern Armenian are different versions of the same root language. Western Armenian refers to the language of the Ottoman (Turkish) Armenians. I have opted for Western Armenian when possible here.
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