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NOTES

PROLOGUE

1. Aubrey Herbert, Ben Kendim: A Record of Eastern Travel, ed. Desmond MacCarthy (London: Hutchinson & Co., 1924), p. 318.

2. This account is drawn from Soghomon Tehlirian, Verhisumner Hoosaber [Memoirs], ed. Vahan Minakhorian, tr. Aram Arkun (Cairo, 1953), pp. 307–8; hereafter cited as Tehlirian memoir.

3. Ibid. p. 310.

4. Ibid.

5. Greeks, Syriacs, and other Christian people living in the Ottoman Empire were persecuted under the Ittihad regime.

CHAPTER 1: THE RISE OF EMPIRE

1. The term “Asia Minor/Anatolia” has historically meant the territory up to the Euphrates River—meaning everything but the Armenian plateau; the Republic of Turkey favors the term to describe its entire territory in Asia, thus eliminating mention of Armenia. This usage has altered the generally accepted understanding of the term, and for the sake of simplicity in this volume I will use the terms interchangeably to describe the entire peninsula extending from the Caucasus to the Mediterranean Sea.

2. See Hovann H. Simonian, ed., The Hemshin: History, Society, and Identity in the Highlands of Northeast Turkey (New York: Routledge, 2007).

3. Noel Malcolm, Kosovo: A Short History (New York: New York University Press, 1998), p. 95.

4. The head of the Armenian faith carries the title “Catholicos of All Armenians.” It is not clear when this term was first used. The first Christian churches were headed by bishops. See Malachia Ormanian, The Church of Armenia (London: A. R. Mowbray & Co., revised ed., 1955), pp. 8–13.

5. Fred C. Conybeare, “The Survival of Animal Sacrifices inside the Christian Church,” American Journal of Theology 7 (1910): 63.

6. Sean McMeekin, The Berlin-Baghdad Express: The Ottoman Empire and Germany’s Bid for World Power (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2010), p. 28.

7. Daniel Goffman, The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), p. 13.

8. The summary of Armenian history given here is a simplification of a complex era in which the Romans/Byzantines vied for control of the region with the Persians. For a complete history, see Richard G. Hovanissian, The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times: The Dynastic Periods; From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century, 2nd ed., vol. 1, and The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times: Foreign Dominion to Statehood; The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century, 2nd ed., vol. 2 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2004).

9. For a complete explication of the term “monophysite,” see The New Catholic Encyclopedia, 2nd ed., vol. 9 (Washington, DC: Thomson Gale in association with the Catholic University of America, 2001), s.v. “monophysitism.” Also Malachia Ormanian, The Church of Armenia (London: A. R. Mowbray & Co., 1955), pp. 96, 97.

10. There have been successive caliphates, Islamic governments headed by the caliph, going back to the time of Mohammed. These would include the Rashidun Caliphate, the Umayad Caliphate, and the Abbasid Caliphate. All were considered dar al-Islam. These preceded the Ottoman Caliphate, of which the sultan was head. The history of Islamic dynasties is complex. For a complete history of Islam, see Karen Armstrong, Islam: A Short History (New York: Modern Library, 2000).