Эпигенетика — изучение устойчивых изменений в клетках, тканях, органах либо форме жизни в целом, происходящих вне зависимости от изменений в последовательностях ДНК.

Эукариотическая клетка — клетка с ядром (у растений, животных, грибов и протистов).

Эутерии — высшие звери, плацентарные млекопитающие, в противоположность метатериям (сумчатым) и протериям (яйцекладущим) млекопитающим.

1. Ryan F. Р. Human endogenous retroviruses in health and disease: a symbiotic perspective. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 2004; 97: 560–565.

2. Ryan F. P. Genomic creativity and natural selection: a modern synthesis. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 2006; 88: 655–672.

3. Ryan F. P. Viruses as symbioses. Symbiosis 2007; 44:11–21.

4. Ryan F. P. Viruses in cyclical symbioses. The Self in Evolution, ed. Lynn Margulis (в печати).

5. Ryan F. P. An alternative approach to medical genetics based on modern evolutionary biology. Part 1: mutation and symbiogenesis. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 2009; 102: 272–277.

6. Ryan F. P. An alternative approach tomedical genetics based onmodern evolutionary biology. Part 2: retroviral symbiosis in embryology and normal physiology. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 2009; 102: 324–331.

7. Ryan F. P. An alternative approach to medical genetics based on modern evolutionary biology. Part 3: HERVs in miscellaneous and autoimmune diseases. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 2009; 102: 415–424.

8. Ryan F. P. An alternative approach to medical genetics based on modern evolutionary biology. Part 4: HERVs in cancer. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 2009; 102:474–480.

9. Ryan F. P. An alternative approach to medical genetics based on modern evolutionary biology. Part 5: epigenetics and genomic duplications. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 2009; 102: 531–537.

1. Arnold M. L. Natural Hybridization and Evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.

2. Bronowski J. The Ascent of Man. London: British Broadcasting Corporation, 1973, reprinted 1974.

3. Gilbert S.F., Epel D. Ecological Developmental Biology. Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates Inc, 2009.

4. Jablonka E., Lamb M. J. Epigenetic Inheritance and Evolution: The Lamarckian Dimension. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1995.

5. Jablonka E., Lamb M. J. Evolution in Four Dimensions. Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London: the MIT Press, 2005.

6. Margulis L. Symbiosis in Cell Evolution. New York: W. H. Freeman, 1981, reissued 1993.

7. Margulis L., Fester R. Symbiosis as a Source of Evolutionary Innovation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1999.

8. Morse S. J. Emerging Viruses. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.

9. Ohno S. Evolution by Gene Duplication. New York: Springer Verlag, 1970.

10. Ryan F. Tuberculosis: The Greatest Story Never Told. Bromsgrove: Swift Publishers, 1992.

11. Ryan F. Virus X. London: HarperCollins, UK, 1996.

12. Ryan F. Darwin’s Blind Spot. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2002.

13. Sapp J. Evolution by Association: A History of Symbiosis. Oxford: Oxford, University Press, 1994.

14. Smith J. M, Szathmáry E. The Origins of Life. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.

15. Thomas L. The Lives of a Cell. London and New York: Penguin Books 1978.

16. Thomas L. Late Night Thoughts on Listening to Mahler’s Ninth Symphony. London and New York: Penguin Books, 1980, reprinted 1983.

17. Villarreal L. P. Viruses and the Evolution of Life. Washington, DC: ASM Press 2005.