7. Jimmy Carter, speeches, February 2, 1977, and April 18, 1977; Carter, White House Diary, p. 41; interview (sweater).

8. Interview with Denis Hayes; BusinessWeek, October 9, 1978 (“public imagination”).

9. BusinessWeek, September 8, 1980.

10. Jimmy Carter, speech, July 15, 1979 (“crisis of the American spirit”); The Wall Street Journal, December 11, 2008 (“gnawing on a rock”).

11. Robert W. Righter, Wind Energy in America: A History (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1996), p. 222 (white elephants); interview with Denis Hayes; discussion.

12. Interview with A. L. Shrier.

13. Washington Post, May 14, 2008 (“joke”); Economist, September 25, 1993 (“graveyard”); The Wall Street Journal, December 11, 2008; interview with Scott Sklar.

14. Interview with Taichi Sakaiya (Kotaro Ikeguchi).

15. Business Japan, February 1978 (“bureaucrat-novelist”); interview with Taichi Sakaiya.

16. Rolf Wustenhagen and Michael Bilharz, “Green Market Development in Germany: Effective Public Policy and Emerging Customer Demand,” Energy Policy 34 (2006), pp. 1681–96 (“almost accidental”).

17. Interviews with Gerhard Schroeder, Hermann Scheer, and Hans-Josef Fell; Time, August 26, 2002 (“solar crusader”).

18. Interview with Gerhard Schroeder.

19. The New York Times, May 16, 2008 (“turbocharger”).

20. Interview with Hans-Josef Fell; Ministry for Environment, Conservation, and Nuclear Safety, “Development of Renewable Energy Sources in Germany in 2009 – Graphics and Tables,” Federal Republic of Germany, September 2010; “Renewables Support Policies in Europe: 2011 Country Comparisons,” IHS Emerging Energy Research, 2011.

21. The New York Times, April 22 and April 23, 1990 (Earth Day); interview with Scott Sklar.

22. Barry G. Rabe, Statehouse and Greenhouse: The Emerging Politics of American Climate Change Policy (Washington, D. C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2004), pp. 49–62; “North American Renewable Power Outlook, 2010–2015,” IHS CERA, November 2010; Sacramento Bee, April 13, 2011 (“can’t be afraid”); Los Angeles Times, April 13, 2011 (“didn’t get my name”).

23. Interview with Michael Eckhart.

24. “Green Tech” blog at CNET News, March5, 2008.

25. Interview with Takayuki Ueda.

26. Huang Liming, “Financing Rural Renewable Energy: A Comparison Between China and India,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 13, no. 5 (2009), pp. 1096–1103; Yingqi Liu and Ari Kokko, “Wind Power in China: Policy and Development Challenges,” Energy Policy 38, no. 10 (2010), pp. 5520–29.

27. Interview.

28. “Renewable Energy Law” People’s Republic of China, February 28, 2005; “Medium-and Long-Term Development Plan for Renewable Energy,” People’s Republic of China, September 2007.

29. Wen Jiabao, speech, World Economic Forum, January 28, 2009; The New York Times, September 8, 2010.

30. International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook 2010 (Paris: International Energy Agency, 2010).

31. 31. Barack Obama, State of the Union Address, January 27, 2010.

32. 32. REN21, Renewables 2012 Global Status Report.

33. 33. Christian Science Monitor, September 10, 2010; The New York Times, October 6, 2010.

1. Clay Christensen, The Innovator’s Dilemma (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003).

2. Steven Chu autobiography, Nobel Prize Web site.

3. Interviews with Raymond Orbachand John Tully.

4. Chu autobiography, Nobel Prize Web site.

5. Vernon W. Ruttan, Is War Necessary for Economic Growth?: Military Procurement and Technology Development (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), pp. 21–27.

6. Robert Solow, “Growth and After,” Nobel Prize lecture, November 18, 1987; Steven Koonin, “From Energy Innovation to Energy Transformation,” pp. 4, 8–10 (scrubbers); MIT Energy Initiative, The Future of Natural Gas: Interim Report (Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 2010) (coal bed methane).

7. DOE, “DOE Nobel Laureates” and “Laboratories,” U. S. Department of Energy.

8. Secretary of Energy Advisory Board, Task Force on Strategic Energy R& D, Energy R&D: Shaping Our Nation’s Future in a Competitive World (Washington, DC: GPO, 1995), p. 1 (“deficit”); Kelly Gallagher, Ambuj Sagar, Diane Segal, Paul de Sa, and John P. Holdren, “DOE Budget Authority for Energy, Research, Development, and Demonstration Database,” Ending the Energy Stalemate: A Bipartisan Strategy to Meet America’s Energy Challenges (Washington, DC: National Commission on Energy Policy, 2004) (low point).

9. Interview with William Draper III, Commanding Heights, PBS; New York Times, June 26, 1989 (“adventure capital”).

10. Spencer E. Ante, Creative Capital: Georges Doriot and the Birth of Venture Capital (Boston: Harvard Business Press, 2008), pp. 80–88, 198.

11. Interview with Samuel Bodman; Ante, Creative Capital, pp. 109, 126 (“peaceful life”), 198; Charter of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, at http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/mithistory/charter.html.

12. David Packard, The HP Way (New York: Collins Business Essentials, 1995), p. 22.

13. Tom Perkins, Valley Boy: The Education of Tom Perkins (New York: Gotham Books, 2007); interview with Ray Lane.

14. Interview with Nancy Floyd.

15. Interview with Ira Ehrenpreis.

16. Interview with Ray Lane; Kleiner Perkins, “MoneyTree Report,” PricewaterhouseCoopers, January 21, 2011, at https://www.pwcmoneytree.com/MTPublic/ ns/moneytree/filesource/exhibits/10Q4MTRelease_FINAL.pdf.

17. Interview with Robert Metcalfe; Susan Hockfield, Inaugural Address, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, May 6, 2005, at http://web.mit.edu/hockfield/speeches/2005-inaugural-address.html.

18. Steven Koonin, “From Energy Innovation to Energy Transformation,” p. 6 (“decades”); interviews with Ray Lane and Ernest Moniz.

19. Steven Chu, speech, CERAWeek, March9, 2010; interview with Matt Rogers; U. S. Secretary of Energy Advisory Board Meeting, TK, p. 16 (“rolling the dice”); President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology, Accelerating the Pace of Change in Energy Technologies Through an Integrated Federal Energy Policy (Washington, DC: Office of the President, 2010), pp. 3–5.

20. President’s Council of Advisors, Accelerating the Pace of Change in Energy Technologies through an Integrated Federal Energy Policy, pp. 13–14 (comparative funding). ARPA-E was proposed in the influential National Academies: report, Rising Above the Gathering Storm: Energizing and Employing America for a Brighter Economic Future (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2007).

1. Walter Isaacson, Einstein: The Life of a Genius (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2009), ch. 4 (“lazy dog”); Albrecht Folsing, Albert Einstein: A Biography, tr. Ewald Osers (New York: Penguin, 1997), pp. 77, 95 (“exceedingly thorough,” “depressed”).

2. John Stachel, ed., Einstein’s Miraculous Year: Five Papers That Changed the Face of Physics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998), pp. 177–98; Isaacson, Einstein, pp. 94–101.

3. Interview with Jean Posbic (“explained it all”).

4. Interview with Ernest Moniz.

5. John Perlin, From Space to Earth: The Story of Solar Electricity (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002), p. 18 (Siemens).