8. Interview with Jose Goldemberg; Frederick Johnson, “Sugar in Brazil: Policy and Production,” The Journal of Developing Areas 17, no. 2 (1983), pp. 243–56 (prices collapsed); William S. Saint, “Farming for Energy: Social Options under Brazil’s National Alcohol Programme,” World Development 10, no. 3 (1982), pp. 223–38 (“wartime economy”); Werner Baer and Claudio Paiva, “Brazil,” in The Political Economy of Latin America in the Postwar Period, ed. Laura Randall (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1997), pp. 70–110 (no prospects); Marc Weidenmier, Joseph Davis, and Roger Aliaga-Diaz, “Is Sugar Sweeter at the Pump? The Macroeconomic Impact of Brazil’s Alternative Energy Program,” National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper No. 14362, October 2008; U. S. Congress, House of Representatives, Committee on Science and Technology, Subcommittee on Energy Development and Applications, 96th Congress, Venezuela and Brazil Visit – January 13–20, 1980 (Washington, DC: GPO), January 1980.

9. Interview with Jose Goldemberg; Jose Goldemberg, “Ethanol for a Sustainable Energy Future,” Science 315, no. 5813 (2007), pp. 808–10; UNICA Sugarcane Industry Association Web site, at http://english.unica.com.br/dadosCotacao/estatistica/ (flexfuel).

10. The sometimes intense debate about the energy balance for ethanol has been going on since the late 1970s. John Deutch, Energy Policy in Crisis: The Godkin Lecture (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2011), ch. 5.

11. Corn Farmers Coalition, “Factbook,” at http://www.cornfarmerscoalition.org/fact-book/; U. S Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service, “U. S. Domestic Corn Use,” at http://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/Corn/Gallery/Background/CornUseTable.html.

12. Interview with Georgina Kessel Martinez; Washington Post, January 27, 2007.

13. International Energy Agency, Technology Roadmap: Biofuels for Transportation (Paris: OECD/IEA, 2011), pp. 16–20.

14. Bernton, Kovarik, and Sklar, The Forbidden Fuel, pp. 74–75 (Leo Spano); Washington Post, Outlook, “Some Trash Can Be Really Sweet,” November 11, 1975, p. 1011 (“lowly fungi”); Norm Augustine to author (“quantum leap”).

15. Nightline, ABC, aired January 23, 2007 (Bransby); Bush, State of the Union Address, January 31, 2006.

16. Government of Canada, “Iogen – Canada’s New Alchemists,” Innovation in Canada Series, February 15, 2005.

17. Tiffany Groode, “Breaking through the Wall: Identifying the Main Barriers to Increasing Biofuels Production,” IHS CERA, 2009 (“daunting logistics,” “local nature”); Paul A. Willems, “The Biofuels Landscape: Through the Lens of Industrial Chemistry,” Science 325, no. 5941 (2009), pp. 707–10.

18. Interview with Richard Hamilton; Newsweek, October 27, 1980.

19. Interview with Steven Koonin.

1. William Adams Simonds, Edison: His Life, His Work, His Genius (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1934), pp. 273–75; Douglas Brinkley, Wheels for the World: Henry Ford, His Company, and a Century of Progress (New York: Viking, 2003), pp. 25–26; Henry Ford (with Samuel Crowther), Edison as I Knew Him (New York, Cosmopolitan, 1930), pp. 1–12.

2. David A. Kirsch, The Electric Vehicle and the Burden of History (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press: 2000), p. 1 (“five different methods”).

3. C. Lyle Cummins, Internal Fire: The Internal Combustion Engine, 1673–1900 (Wilsonville, OR: Carnot Press, 1976); David Landes, The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe, from 1750 to Present, 2nd ed. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), p. 102 (“within reach”); “The Lotus Leaf: Evolution and Standardization of the Automobile Source,” Lotus Magazine 7, no. 4 (1916), pp. 183–92 (Cugnot).

4. Cummins, Internal Fire, pp. 138–72.

5. Chicago Tribune, August 8, 1892 (“a wagon propelled”); James Flink, The Automobile Age (Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 1990), p. 2 (Red Flag Act).

6. Flink, The Automobile Age, p. 13.

7. Brinkley, Wheels for the World, p. 32; Akron Beacon Journal, June 20, 1999 (first police car); Carl Sulzberger, “An Early Road Warrior: Electric Vehicles in the Early Years of the Automobile,” IEEE Power and Energy Magazine 2, no. 3 (2004), pp. 66–71.

8. U. S. Department of Energy, “History of Electric Vehicles: The Early Years (1890 to 1930)” (Phaeton, steamers); James Flink, America Adopts the Automobile, 1895–1910 (Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 1970), pp. 242, 273.

9. Matthew Josephson, Edison: A Biography (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1992), pp. 407–14.

10. Brinkley, Wheels for the World, pp. 114–15 (“useless nuisance”).

11. John B. Rae, American Automobile Manufacturers: The First Forty Years (Philadelphia: Chilton Company, 1959), p. 33 (“fever”); Flink, America Adopts the Automobile, 1895–1910, pp. 50, 64 (“god to the women”).

12. Brinkley, Wheels for the World, p. 100 (“greatest need today”); Ford Corporation, “Model T Facts,” at http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=858.

13. Josephson, Edison: A Biography, p. 423 (“electric Pigs”).

14. National Petroleum News, February 5, 1936 (“dump”).

15. Robert Stobaugh and Daniel Yergin, eds., Energy Future: A Report of the Energy Project at the Harvard Business School (New York: Ballantine Books, 1979), p. 183 (“handouts”); Henry Ford II, speech, White House Conference on Balanced National Growth and Economic Development, January 30, 1978 (“moved us faster”); Los Angeles Times, January 21, 1979 (“give up”).

16. Interview with Philip Sharp.

17. Popular Science, July 1992; Amory Lovins, “Energy Strategy: The Road Not Taken?” Foreign Affairs 55, no. 1 (1976), pp. 65–96.

18. David Halberstam, The Reckoning (New York: Avon Books, 1994), p. 304; Daniel Sperling and Deborah Golden, Two Billion Cars: Driving Toward Sustainability (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), p. 19, Toyota Web site.

19. Interview with Rick Wagoner (“home run”); Fortune, May 1, 1995; Fortune, April 11, 1994 (“Golden Age”); Fortune, January 10, 1994 (“most successful”).

20. Interview with Rick Wagoner (“truck capacity”); New York Times, October 20, 1996; The New York Times, October 27, 1996.

21. IHS CERA, “Gasoline and the American People,” November 2006.

22. David L. Greene, “Policies to Increase Passenger Car and Light Truck Fuel Efficiency,” testimony, U. S. Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, January 30, 2007.

23. Ibid.

24. Toyota Motor Corporation spells its name differently from the name of the family that founded the company. The motor company was established in 1937 as a spin-off of the family’s weaving concern. Fortune, June 26, 2009; Toyota Motor Corporation, at http://www.toyota.com/html/hybridsynergyview/ 2005/summer/hybridhistory.html; Fortune, February 24, 2006 (“global twenty first century”); Fortune, February 24, 2006 (“really cars”).

25. Sperling and Golden, Two Billion Cars, p. 170 (missed the point); Fortune, February 24, 2006 (Academy Awards).

26. Congressional Budget Office, Effects of Gasoline Prices on Driving Behavior and Vehicle Markets (Washington, DC: GPO), January 2008, p. 32.